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                  <text>Islamic Period</text>
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              <text>Syria, Jordan</text>
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                <text>Yarmuk River: Islamic Period significance&#13;
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                <text>The Yarmuk river flows east-to-west, forming the modern political border between Syria and Jordan. The Yarmuk empties into the Jordan River just south of the Sea of Galilee, where it also marks the border between Jordan and Israel. The Yarmuk River was the site of a famous military victory by the Arab Rashidun Caliphate over the Byzantine Empire (636 CE), after which the Islamic forces established their supremacy over Syria. The brilliant military strategist, Khalid ibn al-Walid, trapped the Byzantine army by outflanking them on the north, thus pinning them against the ravine to the west and the Yarmuk River to the south.</text>
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                  <text>Islamic Period</text>
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              <text>Byzantine, Islamic, Crusader, Mamluk, Ottoman, Mandate, Present</text>
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              <text>Church of the Holy Sepulchre and the Dome of the Rock</text>
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                <text>Jerusalem: Church of the Holy Sepulchre and Dome of the Rock</text>
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                <text>This photograph, looking east, shows the proximity of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (the two domes in the foreground) to the Dome of the Rock (in the background). The Mount of Olives and the Arab village of Et Tur (the smaller of the two towers on the hilltop) is in the distance. The large dome within the complex of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is the Anastasis ('raising up'), and underneath it is the traditional location of Jesus' tomb. The smaller dome is over the main altar in the church's basilica and the place that many Christians believed was the 'navel of the earth'. The long rectangular roofed structure beyond them that looks a bit like the peaked roof a barn or a warehouse is the Chapel of St. Helena. To the right of the Anastasis Dome is a square, bulky tower from the period of the Crusades; to its right is the thin and tall minaret tower of the Mosque of Omar; just behind it is the whitish tall, square and pointed bell tower of the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer, a relatively new church build by the German Kaiser in 1893.</text>
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                <text>0323-01-01/2000-01-01</text>
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              <text>Temple Mount</text>
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              <text>Roman, Byzantine, Islamic, Crusader, Mamluk, Ottoman, Mandate, Present</text>
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                <text>Jerusalem: The Western Wall/Wailing Wall</text>
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                <text>This photograph shows the proximity of the Western Wall (sometimes called the Wailing Wall) to the Dome of the Rock. The Western Wall, at the center of the photograph, is the western wall of the Temple Mount that was built by Herod the Great and on top of which stood the Jewish Temple prior to 70 CE. It is often considered to be one of the holiest sites in Judaism. Above and to the left is the Dome of the Rock, which stands over a section of bedrock that Muslims believe is that last place that the Prophet Muhammad stood before embarking on his Night Journey. It is usually considered to be the third holiest site in Islam. The gray dome to the right is the Al Aqsa Mosque, which sits at the southern end of the Temple Mount. In the background is the Mount of Olives.</text>
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                <text>-0067-01-01/2000-01-01</text>
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              <text>The Dome of the Rock - interior view</text>
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                <text>This photograph of the interior of the Dome of the Rock shows the symmetry of the architectural plan and the lavish geometric decoration adorning the walls and arches. Beneath the dome, at the center of the structure (just on the other side of the brown wooden barrier) is the bedrock called the Sakhra. In Islamic tradition and belief, this is the last place that the Prophet Muhammad touched the earth before he was taken on his Night Journey. Much of the artistry of the 7th-century Byzantine craftsmen is preserved here from the original building period, with major supplements and restorations by the Crusaders in the 12th century and Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century. For centuries the Dome of the Rock was misnamed the Mosque of Omar. Omar did erect a simple wooden mosque at the site, but that was replaced by his successor Caliph Abd al-Malik, who commissioned the present octagonal shrine, which was begun in 687 CE and completed in 691 CE.</text>
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                <text>This aerial view of the Temple Mount, which is looking west, shows not just the massive Temple Mount complex with its retaining walls and the Dome of the Rock, but also the Al Aqsa Mosque (to the left, at the south end of the Temple Mount complex). Note the flat surface of huge stone slabs that makes up the Temple Mount, which was an artificial creation of King Herod and his engineers. Beyond the Temple Mount is the Old City of Jerusalem.</text>
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