Jerusalem: Bedouin discoverers of Cave 1
description: The two men in this photograph, Jum'a Muhammed (on the left) and Muhammed edh-Dhib (on the right) are the two Ta'amireh <span class="tooltip" title=' A term used for a group of predominantly nomadic, desert-dwelling Arab ethnic group that is traditionally divided into tribes or clans. Further Reading '>Bedouin cousins who claim to have discovered the first <span class="tooltip" title=' A collection of First and Second Temple period texts which were preserved by the arid climate of the Dead Sea region. The caves wherein the scrolls were deposited have often been connected to the nearby settlement of Qumran, and the Scrolls themselves are generally thought to have been written and/or copied by the Essenes. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>Dead Sea Scrolls in Cave 1 in 1947. Details of the discovery differ, but the story goes that they were out shepherding their flock, saw a cave above them, threw a rock into the cave, and heard something break. Upon further investigation they found scrolls and carried three of them back to camp. They discovered four more scrolls in the cave in the following weeks. No other cave yielded as many complete scrolls, and only one other cave (Cave 11) yielded any complete scrolls.

Jerusalem: Broad Stairs at the Temple Mount
description: This monumental staircase, located to the south of the <span class="tooltip" title=' Also known as the Haram esh-Sharif ("Noble Sanctuary" in Arabic), it is the site where the Jewish Temple stood and where the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque now stand. The massive Temple Mount compound that exists today was built by Herod the Great in the late 1st century BCE and early 1st century CE. Further Reading '>Temple Mount compound (the wall of which is seen in the background) is one of two that led up to the Double and Triple Huldah Gates and into the Temple Mount. They were built as part of <span class="tooltip" title=' A Jewish king of Edumaean descent who ruled Palestine under Roman authority from 40-4 BCE. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>King Herod the Great's monumental renovation project. This particular staircase is 200 feet across and allowed access to the Temple Mount platform from the Lower City (know today as the <span class="tooltip" title=' Built by David ca. 970 BCE on the site of the earlier Jebusite city Jebus; it was also called Jerusalem. It physically sits on the slope of hill south of the modern Old City and Temple Mount, near the Gihon Spring. Further Reading '>City of David) and other parts of the southern city of Jerusalem. They were probably in use until after the <span class="tooltip" title=' A series of nine Christian military expeditions against the Muslims (primarily) between 1099 and 1272 CE. They are best known for Christian campaigns to the "Holy Land" to rid it of the ruling Muslims. Further Reading '>Crusades.
date: -0019-01-01/1400-01-01

Jerusalem: Chaim Weitzman and Faisal I
description: Chaim Weitzman was the first President of Israel. Prior to his presidency, he is widely credited as the one who convinced the British Foreign Minister Arthur <span class="tooltip" title=' Arthur Balfour was a British foreign secretary who stated the approval of the British government for a Jewish state in Palestine to the Zionist leaders (this statement is known as the Balfour Declaration). Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>Balfour to create the Balfour Declaration; he was also instrumental in its drafting. He generated wide-spread support for the establishment of a State of Israel. In this picture he is meeting Amir Feisal, one of the prominent Arab leaders of the time, in an attempt to reach a settlement between Jews and Arabs regarding the settlement of Palestine in the wake of World War I.
date: 1874-01-01/1952-01-01

Jerusalem: Church of the Holy Sepulchre
description: This close-up of the <span class="tooltip" title=" Commissioned to be built in Jerusalem by Constantine's mother Helen in 326 CE, ostensibly over the sites of Jesus' crucifixion and burial, it became the center of Byzantine Jerusalem. Further Reading ">Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which is looking northwest, shows the two domes of the church: the Anastasis (the larger dome, on the left) and the dome over the basilica (the smaller dome, on the right). The entrance to the church, and the courtyard in front of it, are at the base of the Crusader tower that is on the far left of the picture.
date: 0330-01-01/2000-01-01

Jerusalem: Church of the Holy Sepulchre - aedicule of the Anastasis
description: This photograph shows a small aedicule, a chapel built over the rock cut empty tomb believed to belong to Jesus. It stands at the center of the rotunda, the round architectural structure that was built there by the Crusaders and right underneath the great dome of the church. This part of the church is also called the 'Anastasis,' which means 'raising up' in Greek, and was named as such for the belief in Jesus' resurrection from the tomb.
date: 0350-01-01/2000-01-01

Jerusalem: Church of the Holy Sepulchre - Chapel of St. Helena
description: This photograph is taken from the Armenian chapel dedicated to Queen Helena (the mother of <span class="tooltip" title=' Roman emperor from 306-337 CE. He recognized Christianity as the official religion of the empire and moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium (modern-day Istanbul). Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>Constantine who was entrusted by her son to oversee the building of the church in the 4th century CE). The steps in the background are the 29 steps that lead to the main hall of the church, called the Catholicon.
date: 0350-01-01/2000-01-01

Jerusalem: Church of the Holy Sepulchre - plan
description: This plan shows the original layout of the <span class="tooltip" title=" Commissioned to be built in Jerusalem by Constantine's mother Helen in 326 CE, ostensibly over the sites of Jesus' crucifixion and burial, it became the center of Byzantine Jerusalem. Further Reading ">Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the time of <span class="tooltip" title=' Roman emperor from 306-337 CE. He recognized Christianity as the official religion of the empire and moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium (modern-day Istanbul). Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>Constantine and his mother Helen. The complex is made of 3 separate units: at the bottom of the plan, a basilica ending with an apse and Golgotha incorporated into its layout. Between Golgotha and the Anastasis (which is the traditional location of the tomb of Jesus) is a portico.
date: 0330-01-01/2000-01-01

Jerusalem: Church of the Holy Sepulchre - Tomb of Jesus
description: This photograph shows the interior of the Aedicule of the Anastasis, where Christians as early as the 4th century CE believed that Jesus' body was laid before his resurrection.
date: 0350-01-01/2000-01-01

Jerusalem: Church of the Holy Sepulchre and Dome of the Rock
description: This photograph, looking east, shows the proximity of the <span class="tooltip" title=" Commissioned to be built in Jerusalem by Constantine's mother Helen in 326 CE, ostensibly over the sites of Jesus' crucifixion and burial, it became the center of Byzantine Jerusalem. Further Reading ">Church of the Holy Sepulchre (the two domes in the foreground) to the <span class="tooltip" title=' "Kubbat ash-Sakhra" in Arabic, this is the golden-domed shrine that is located on the Temple Mount (or Haram esh-Sharif) in Jerusalem. It was built by the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik in 691 CE. Further Reading '>Dome of the Rock (in the background). The <span class="tooltip" title=' A hill immediately east of the Old City of Jerusalem and the Temple Mount. The Jehoshaphat Valley runs between the Mount of Olives and Jerusalem. Further Reading '>Mount of Olives and the Arab village of Et Tur (the smaller of the two towers on the hilltop) is in the distance. The large dome within the complex of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is the Anastasis ('raising up'), and underneath it is the traditional location of Jesus' tomb. The smaller dome is over the main altar in the church's basilica and the place that many Christians believed was the 'navel of the earth'. The long rectangular roofed structure beyond them that looks a bit like the peaked roof a barn or a warehouse is the Chapel of St. Helena. To the right of the Anastasis Dome is a square, bulky tower from the period of the <span class="tooltip" title=' A series of nine Christian military expeditions against the Muslims (primarily) between 1099 and 1272 CE. They are best known for Christian campaigns to the "Holy Land" to rid it of the ruling Muslims. Further Reading '>Crusades; to its right is the thin and tall minaret tower of the Mosque of <span class="tooltip" title=' Omar, also known as Umar, was the second caliph in early Islam. He conquered Jerusalem in 638 CE. Further Reading '>Omar; just behind it is the whitish tall, square an…
date: 0323-01-01/2000-01-01

Jerusalem: City of David
description: This view of the eastern slope of the <span class="tooltip" title=' Built by David ca. 970 BCE on the site of the earlier Jebusite city Jebus; it was also called Jerusalem. It physically sits on the slope of hill south of the modern Old City and Temple Mount, near the Gihon Spring. Further Reading '>City of David shows the steps leading down to the <span class="tooltip" title=' The main water source for the City of David and Jerusalem from before 1,000 BCE until the Roman period, when at least two aqueducts were built to bring water to the upper city. Further Reading '>Gihon Spring (at the bottom of the photo, in the triangular shadow beneath the double window), 8th-7th century BCE walls and a <span class="tooltip" title=" The Jebusite period was the period prior to the reign of David (i.e., prior to 1000 BCE), in which the Jebusites inhabited the city of Jebus. ">Jebusite wall (immediately below the modern terrace walls that are to the right of the diagonal path), a tower in the eastern wall of the city that was built in the time of <span class="tooltip" title=' Both a person and a book in the Bible. The man Nehemiah was a Jewish leader in the Persian period. The book of Nehemiah tells his story and was included in the Hebrew Bible and Christian Old Testament. Further Reading '>Nehemiah (at the crest of the hill, above the terrace walls, casting a triangular shadow), and the modern walls of the Old City of Jerusalem, which were built in the 16th century CE (at the top of the photograph).
date: -1300-01-01/2012-01-01

Jerusalem: City of David - expansion in the 9th-7th centuries BCE
description: This map shows the <span class="tooltip" title=' Built by David ca. 970 BCE on the site of the earlier Jebusite city Jebus; it was also called Jerusalem. It physically sits on the slope of hill south of the modern Old City and Temple Mount, near the Gihon Spring. Further Reading '>City of David, the City of Solomon (north/up the hill), and the expansion of the city to the west, which occurred between the 9th and 7th centuries BCE. It also shows the path of the <span class="tooltip" title=' A water system built in Jerusalem during the reign of Hezekiah (in 701 BCE) to bring water from the Gihon Spring, which was outside the city, into the Pool of Siloam, which was inside the city walls. Further Reading '>Siloam Tunnel from the Spring of the Gihon outside the city walls to the <span class="tooltip" title=" A water reservoir in Ancient Jerusalem into which the water from the Gihon Spring runs after it flows through Hezekiah's Tunnel. Further Reading ">pool of Siloam within the city. Topographically one can see how the two tributaries of the <span class="tooltip" title=' The valley that runs southeast from Jerusalem down to the Dead Sea. Further Reading '>Kidron valley embrace the city from the east and south, and as such define its borders.
date: -1000-01-01/-0600-01-01

Jerusalem: City of David - map outline
description: This topographical map of Jerusalem shows the present Old City of Jerusalem in dark blue (the walls of which were built by the <span class="tooltip" title=' The Turkish empire from the 16th-20th centuries CE. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>Ottoman Turks in the 16th century CE) and the <span class="tooltip" title=' Also known as the Haram esh-Sharif ("Noble Sanctuary" in Arabic), it is the site where the Jewish Temple stood and where the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque now stand. The massive Temple Mount compound that exists today was built by Herod the Great in the late 1st century BCE and early 1st century CE. Further Reading '>Temple Mount in the southeastern corner of the Old City. The <span class="tooltip" title=' Built by David ca. 970 BCE on the site of the earlier Jebusite city Jebus; it was also called Jerusalem. It physically sits on the slope of hill south of the modern Old City and Temple Mount, near the Gihon Spring. Further Reading '>City of David is outlined in light blue, at the south (and lower) end of the Hill of Ophel. During Solomon's reign the city was expanded northward (up the hill), and the Temple was built at the highest point on the hill (the red square within Solomon's city).
date: -1000-01-01/-0800-01-01

Jerusalem: City of David - the Stepped Structure
description: The 50-foot-high stepped structure on the right in this photo was probably built in the pre-Davidic <span class="tooltip" title=" The Jebusite period was the period prior to the reign of David (i.e., prior to 1000 BCE), in which the Jebusites inhabited the city of Jebus. ">Jebusite period (i.e., prior to the 10th century BCE). The square-cornered tower immediately beyond the stepped structure was part of the east wall of the city in the <span class="tooltip" title=" 519 BCE - 70 CE ">Second Temple period and the walls and steps in the lower left of the photo belong to a house from the 8th or 7th centuries BCE.
date: -1300-01-01/-0064-01-01

Jerusalem: Coin of 'Jonathan the King' (Alexander Jannaeus)
description: A typical coin struck by the <span class="tooltip" title=' Also called "Maccabean," the two words refer to the dynasty of independent Jewish rulers in the 2nd-1st centuries BCE (167-63 BCE) who came to power after the Maccabaean Revolt. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>Hasmonaean (Maccabean) king <span class="tooltip" title=' The first of the Hasmonaean (Maccabaean) rulers to declare himself to be King (as opposed to High Priest). He ruled from 103-76 BCE. Further Reading '>Alexander Jannaeus (ruled from 103-76 BCE). The symbol on the left is an anchor and the symbol on the right is a lily flower, which was a symbol for Jerusalem. The inscription around the anchor is in Greek, whereas the inscription on the other side, around the flower is in <span class="tooltip" title=' A Semitic language from the region of Judea and Samaria. Most biblical books were written in this language. In the 19th century the Zionist movement revived it and it became the common language for modern-day Jews living in Israel. Further Reading '>Hebrew, written in the ancient Iron Age script. Jannaeus is referring to himself with the title "King." All of the other Hasmonaean rulers called themselves 'High Priest' instead of "King." The coin reflects both the process of hellenization and the effort of the Hasmonaeans to maintain strong ties with the ancient ethos of Israel.
date: -0103-01-01/-0076-01-01

Jerusalem: Coin of Yehud
description: Money was invented in the <span class="tooltip" title=' The lands, people, and Empire east of Mesopotamia (in the regions of modern Iran). It conquered the Near East in the mid-6th century. Map of Cyrus&#39; kingdom | Further Reading '>Persian Period, and this particular coin bears the official name of the district in which the Jews lived: 'Yehud' (spelled out by the three letters to the right of the bird). The script is ancient <span class="tooltip" title=' A Semitic language from the region of Judea and Samaria. Most biblical books were written in this language. In the 19th century the Zionist movement revived it and it became the common language for modern-day Jews living in Israel. Further Reading '>Hebrew and the name is the Persian version of the biblical name <span class="tooltip" title=' The name of the southern kingdom during the period of the Divided Kingdom (Israel was the northern kingdom). Further Reading '>Judah.
date: -0370-01-01

Jerusalem: Damascus Gate
description: This photograph shows the current day <span class="tooltip" title=' The capital of modern Syria, just to the north of the Golan Heights. It was also the capital of the Umayyad caliphate (661-750 CE). Further Reading '>Damascus Gate (one of the northern entrances into the Old City of Jerusalem) and a lower, earlier doorway of the Roman gate of the city. Above the lower arch is a worn inscription that reads 'Colonia Ae[lia] Cap[itolina]' - The Colony of <span class="tooltip" title=' Aelia Capitolina is the name that Hadrian gave to Jerusalem after he expelled the Jews and made it a Roman colony in 135 CE. The name lasted until the time of Constantine. Further Reading '>Aelia Capitolina, indicating that it was built in the time of <span class="tooltip" title=' A Roman Emperor from 117-138 CE. He is responsible for creating a Roman colony Aelia Capitolina near the site of Jerusalem in the wake of the Bar Kokhba revolt. Further Reading '>Hadrian (early 2nd century CE). Inside the doorway is a guard room and a stairwell that ascends within the eastern gateway tower to the present day parapet above the city wall.
date: 0130-01-01/0313-01-01

Jerusalem: Damascus Gate
description: This photograph shows the <span class="tooltip" title=' The capital of modern Syria, just to the north of the Golan Heights. It was also the capital of the Umayyad caliphate (661-750 CE). Further Reading '>Damascus Gate (one of the northern entrances into the Old City of Jerusalem) and a lower, earlier doorway of the Roman gate that stood at the same place. Above the arch is a worn inscription that reads 'Colonia Ae[lia] Cap[itolina]' - The Colony of <span class="tooltip" title=' Aelia Capitolina is the name that Hadrian gave to Jerusalem after he expelled the Jews and made it a Roman colony in 135 CE. The name lasted until the time of Constantine. Further Reading '>Aelia Capitolina, indicating that it was built in the time of <span class="tooltip" title=' A Roman Emperor from 117-138 CE. He is responsible for creating a Roman colony Aelia Capitolina near the site of Jerusalem in the wake of the Bar Kokhba revolt. Further Reading '>Hadrian (early 2nd century CE). Inside the doorway is a guard room and a stairwell that ascends within the eastern gateway tower to the present day parapet above the city wall.
date: 0130-01-01/0313-01-01

Jerusalem: Damascus Gate
description: A look from the north at the <span class="tooltip" title=' The capital of modern Syria, just to the north of the Golan Heights. It was also the capital of the Umayyad caliphate (661-750 CE). Further Reading '>Damascus Gate, which is one of the northern gates into the Old City of Jerusalem. The gate that you see at the center of the photograph, as well as the walls to its right and left, are <span class="tooltip" title=' The Turkish empire from the 16th-20th centuries CE. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>Ottoman in date, built by <span class="tooltip" title=' Suleiman I, also known as Suleiman the Magnificent, was the longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He ruled from 1520-1556. He is known for building the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem, which still stand today, among other things. Further Reading '>Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566). To the left and below that gate you can also see a lower entrance into the Old City wall (in the shadow of the bridge coming out of the Damascus Gate). That gate is the Roman-period gate into the Old City, built during the time of <span class="tooltip" title=' A Roman Emperor from 117-138 CE. He is responsible for creating a Roman colony Aelia Capitolina near the site of Jerusalem in the wake of the Bar Kokhba revolt. Further Reading '>Hadrian (117-138 CE). Beyond the walls are the buildings of the Muslim Quarter in the Old City of Jerusalem.
date: 0117-01-01/2000-01-01

Jerusalem: Damascus Gate
description: Jerusalem
date: 0117-01-01/2000-01-01

Jerusalem: Dome of the Rock
description: This photograph shows the <span class="tooltip" title=' "Kubbat ash-Sakhra" in Arabic, this is the golden-domed shrine that is located on the Temple Mount (or Haram esh-Sharif) in Jerusalem. It was built by the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik in 691 CE. Further Reading '>Dome of the Rock (Arabic: "Kubbat as Sakhra") looking east. For centuries it was misnamed the Mosque of <span class="tooltip" title=' Omar, also known as Umar, was the second caliph in early Islam. He conquered Jerusalem in 638 CE. Further Reading '>Omar. Omar did erect a simple wooden mosque at the site, but that was replaced by his successor <span class="tooltip" title=' Literally meaning "Successor," it was the title of the "rightly-guided" leaders of the Islamic forces after Muhammad died in 632 CE. Further Reading '>Caliph Abd al-Malik, who commissioned the present octagonal shrine, which was begun in 687 CE and completed in 691 CE. In the background, to the right, you can see the <span class="tooltip" title=' A hill immediately east of the Old City of Jerusalem and the Temple Mount. The Jehoshaphat Valley runs between the Mount of Olives and Jerusalem. Further Reading '>Mount of Olives with its ancient Jewish cemetery on the slopes. The distant bell tower is from the Russian Monastery of the Ascension and the onion-shaped domes just to the left of the Dome of the Rock belong to the Russian Church of St. Mary Magdalene, built in the 19th century. In the forefront are houses of the Old City of Jerusalem.
date: 0687-01-01/2000-01-01

Jerusalem: Dome of the Rock
description: This close-up of the <span class="tooltip" title=' "Kubbat ash-Sakhra" in Arabic, this is the golden-domed shrine that is located on the Temple Mount (or Haram esh-Sharif) in Jerusalem. It was built by the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik in 691 CE. Further Reading '>Dome of the Rock shows the beauty and riches of its present decoration. It was commissioned by Abd al-Malik in 687 CE and completed in 691 CE. <span class="tooltip" title=' Suleiman I, also known as Suleiman the Magnificent, was the longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He ruled from 1520-1556. He is known for building the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem, which still stand today, among other things. Further Reading '>Suleiman the Magnificent carried out extensive restorations of the building in the 16th century, but the gold sheathing had not survived the Middle Ages. An unattractive lead dome crowned the shrine until modern restorations began in 1958, when the building received its present golden-colored roof of bronze-aluminum alloy.
date: 0687-01-01/2000-01-01

Jerusalem: Dome of the Rock
description: This photograph of the <span class="tooltip" title=' "Kubbat ash-Sakhra" in Arabic, this is the golden-domed shrine that is located on the Temple Mount (or Haram esh-Sharif) in Jerusalem. It was built by the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik in 691 CE. Further Reading '>Dome of the Rock shows its octagonal structure and its golden dome. Beneath the dome, at the center of the structure is the bedrock called the Sakhra. For centuries it was misnamed the Mosque of <span class="tooltip" title=' Omar, also known as Umar, was the second caliph in early Islam. He conquered Jerusalem in 638 CE. Further Reading '>Omar. Omar did erect a simple wooden mosque at the site, but that was replaced by his successor <span class="tooltip" title=' Literally meaning "Successor," it was the title of the "rightly-guided" leaders of the Islamic forces after Muhammad died in 632 CE. Further Reading '>Caliph Abd al-Malik, who commissioned the present octagonal shrine, which was begun in 687 CE and completed in 691 CE.
date: 0687-01-01/2000-01-01

Jerusalem: Dome of the Rock - fish-eye view of the interior
description: This fish-eye photograph was taken inside the <span class="tooltip" title=' "Kubbat ash-Sakhra" in Arabic, this is the golden-domed shrine that is located on the Temple Mount (or Haram esh-Sharif) in Jerusalem. It was built by the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik in 691 CE. Further Reading '>Dome of the Rock. Above you can see the intricate artistic styling that decorates the underside of the dome; below you can see the section of bedrock around which the building was built. Muslims believe that this rock was the place from which the Prophet <span class="tooltip" title=' The founder of Islam, He came from Mecca, a caravan city in the Arabian peninsula, ca. 571-632 CE. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>Muhammad left on his Night Journey.
date: 0687-01-01/2000-01-01

Jerusalem: Dome of the Rock - interior view
description: This is a photograph of the interior of the dome that sits on the <span class="tooltip" title=' "Kubbat ash-Sakhra" in Arabic, this is the golden-domed shrine that is located on the Temple Mount (or Haram esh-Sharif) in Jerusalem. It was built by the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik in 691 CE. Further Reading '>Dome of the Rock. It was planned as a deliberate imitation of the vault over the Anastasis of the Holy Sepulchre; even the size of this hemisphere is within a few feet of the Sepulchre's dome. It was the <span class="tooltip" title=' Literally meaning "Successor," it was the title of the "rightly-guided" leaders of the Islamic forces after Muhammad died in 632 CE. Further Reading '>caliph's intention to raise a building that would be in the architectural tradition established by <span class="tooltip" title=' Roman emperor from 306-337 CE. He recognized Christianity as the official religion of the empire and moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium (modern-day Istanbul). Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>Constantine but would far outshine its Christian predecessor.
date: 0687-01-01/2000-01-01

Jerusalem: Dome of the Rock - interior view
description: This photograph of the interior of the <span class="tooltip" title=' "Kubbat ash-Sakhra" in Arabic, this is the golden-domed shrine that is located on the Temple Mount (or Haram esh-Sharif) in Jerusalem. It was built by the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik in 691 CE. Further Reading '>Dome of the Rock shows the symmetry of the architectural plan and the lavish geometric decoration adorning the walls and arches. Beneath the dome, at the center of the structure (just on the other side of the brown wooden barrier) is the bedrock called the Sakhra. In Islamic tradition and belief, this is the last place that the Prophet <span class="tooltip" title=' The founder of Islam, He came from Mecca, a caravan city in the Arabian peninsula, ca. 571-632 CE. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>Muhammad touched the earth before he was taken on his Night Journey. Much of the artistry of the 7th-century <span class="tooltip" title=' The name we use today for the Roman Empire in its Christian phase, which is to say, from Constantine until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453. In Palestine, Byzantine rule ended with the Islamic conquest (i.e., it lasted from 332-636 CE in our region). Further Reading '>Byzantine craftsmen is preserved here from the original building period, with major supplements and restorations by the Crusaders in the 12th century and <span class="tooltip" title=' Suleiman I, also known as Suleiman the Magnificent, was the longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He ruled from 1520-1556. He is known for building the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem, which still stand today, among other things. Further Reading '>Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century. For centuries the Dome of the Rock was misnamed the Mosque of <span class="tooltip" title=' Omar, also known as Umar, was the second caliph in early Islam. He conquered Jerusalem in 638 CE. Further Reading '>Omar. Omar did erect a simple wooden mosque at the site, but that was replaced by his s…
date: 0687-01-01/2000-01-01

Jerusalem: Dome of the Rock and the Dome of the Spirits
description: This photograph, taken from the top of the <span class="tooltip" title=' Also known as the Haram esh-Sharif ("Noble Sanctuary" in Arabic), it is the site where the Jewish Temple stood and where the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque now stand. The massive Temple Mount compound that exists today was built by Herod the Great in the late 1st century BCE and early 1st century CE. Further Reading '>Temple Mount platform, shows the <span class="tooltip" title=' "Kubbat ash-Sakhra" in Arabic, this is the golden-domed shrine that is located on the Temple Mount (or Haram esh-Sharif) in Jerusalem. It was built by the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik in 691 CE. Further Reading '>Dome of the Rock in the background and the Dome of the Spirits in the foreground. The Dome of the Spirits is one of several lesser shrines that dot the top of the Temple Mount platform. According to Muslim accounts this small cupola marks the place where <span class="tooltip" title=' The founder of Islam, He came from Mecca, a caravan city in the Arabian peninsula, ca. 571-632 CE. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>Mohammad conversed with the earlier <span class="tooltip" title=' A Semitic language from the region of Judea and Samaria. Most biblical books were written in this language. In the 19th century the Zionist movement revived it and it became the common language for modern-day Jews living in Israel. Further Reading '>Hebrew and Christian prophets. It is commonly called the Dome of the Spirits because this is also where Mohammad will summon the souls of the faithful on Judgment Day. There is an intriguing alternative interpretation of this smaller dome. It has another name: Dome of the Tablets, and it sits due west of the Golden Gate (the eastern entrance into the Second Temple's courts). This name and location has led some to suggest that it memorializes the site of the <span class="tooltip" title=' The holiest place in a temple. In the Jerusalem Temple the phrase refers to the room where it …
date: 0750-01-01/2000-01-01

Jerusalem: Eastern Terra Sigillata Juglet
description: This jug, which was found in the <span class="tooltip" title=' The southwestern of the four quarters of the Old City of Jerusalem. Further Reading '>Jewish Quarter excavations in Jerusalem, is made of a type of pottery called Eastern Terra Sigillata 'A', or ESA. Its red, lustrous slip is one of the hallmarks of this kind of pottery and is partially the result of the amount of oxygen in the kiln when the jug was fired. ESA was first produced around 140 BCE in the eastern Mediterranean, probably on the island of Crete and/or along the coast of the northern <span class="tooltip" title=' The modern name for the region that comprises the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea - i.e., the modern countries of Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan. Further Reading '>Levant, but it became very popular and by the 1st century CE was exported all over the Mediterranean. It is one of the types of pottery that can be closely dated and helps archaeologists to better date the soil in which it is found.

Jerusalem: Ecce Homo Arch
description: This picture shows the Ecce Homo arch, which was the large central arch of <span class="tooltip" title=' A Roman Emperor from 117-138 CE. He is responsible for creating a Roman colony Aelia Capitolina near the site of Jerusalem in the wake of the Bar Kokhba revolt. Further Reading '>Hadrian's east forum. It stands over the Via Dolorosa in the Old City of Jerusalem outside the Sisters of Zion Convent. Note how more modern buildings have been built around and on top of it and have incorporated the arch into their architecture.
date: 0117-01-01/2000-01-01

Jerusalem: Eleazar Sukenik
description: After the <span class="tooltip" title=' A collection of First and Second Temple period texts which were preserved by the arid climate of the Dead Sea region. The caves wherein the scrolls were deposited have often been connected to the nearby settlement of Qumran, and the Scrolls themselves are generally thought to have been written and/or copied by the Essenes. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>Dead Sea Scrolls from Cave 1 were found by the <span class="tooltip" title=' A term used for a group of predominantly nomadic, desert-dwelling Arab ethnic group that is traditionally divided into tribes or clans. Further Reading '>Bedouin and taken to Bethlehem, they ended up in front of Eleazar Sukenik, a professor and archaeologist at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, who is the man in this picture. He was the first scholar to see them, and he did so across a barbed wire barricade separating Jewish and Arab sectors in the Old City during the last days of the <span class="tooltip" title=' The British gained control of Palestine during the latter part of World War I. They subsequently oversaw the political affairs within this region until the years just after World War II. This period is known as the British Mandate (1917-1948). Further Reading '>British mandate over Palestine in 1948. He immediately recognized their importance and was able to procure three scrolls -the War Scroll, the Thanksgiving Psalms Scroll, and the second of two <span class="tooltip" title=' Both the name of an Israelite prophet and the name of the book of his prophecies that were included in the Hebrew Bible and consequently in the Christian Old Testament. Further Reading '>Isaiah scrolls (aka "1QIsaiah B").

Jerusalem: General Allenby Entering
description: This photograph shows the British General Edmund <span class="tooltip" title=' A British Field Marshall in World War I who was in charge of the forces that captured Palestine from the Ottomans. Further Reading '>Allenby entering Jerusalem after the British took the city in World War I. He dismounted and walked into the city out of respect for it and in contradistinction to the German Emperor Wilhelm II's entry into the city on horseback in 1898. He is entering the city through the Jaffa gate, seen at the back. To the left one can see the clock tower that was built by the <span class="tooltip" title=' The Turkish empire from the 16th-20th centuries CE. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II in 1908; the British knocked it down in 1922 and it was never rebuilt.
date: 1917-01-01

Jerusalem: Gihon Spring
description: This photograph shows the modern entrance steps that lead down to the <span class="tooltip" title=' The main water source for the City of David and Jerusalem from before 1,000 BCE until the Roman period, when at least two aqueducts were built to bring water to the upper city. Further Reading '>Gihon spring, which was the water source for the city of Jerusalem in antiquity. When <span class="tooltip" title=' The King of Assyria from 704-681 BCE. Further Reading '>Sennacherib, King of <span class="tooltip" title=' Assyria was a major Mesopotamian empire which ruled over Palestine in the 8th-7th centuries BCE. Further Reading '>Assyria, came to besiege Jerusalem in 701 BCE, the Judahite king <span class="tooltip" title=' A king of Judah who rebelled against the Assyrian king Sennacherib at the end of the 8th century BCE. Further Reading '>Hezekiah had a tunnel built that would reroute the water so that it was within the city walls and therefore inaccessible to the besieging troops. The steps and the arch seen in the photograph were probably built in the <span class="tooltip" title=" 700-1500 CE ">medieval period.
date: -1000-01-01/0135-01-01

Jerusalem: Gihon Spring
description: This photograph shows the modern entrance to the <span class="tooltip" title=' The main water source for the City of David and Jerusalem from before 1,000 BCE until the Roman period, when at least two aqueducts were built to bring water to the upper city. Further Reading '>Gihon Spring (the steps leading down in the background), from the inside of the tunnel. This prolific spring provided water for the inhabitants of Jerusalem in antiquity even in the driest summer months. It was accessed via Warren's Shaft in the early <span class="tooltip" title=' According to the Bible, the descendents of the 12 sons of Jacob/Israel who formed the nation of Israel. Further Reading '>Israelite period and rerouted in 701 BCE when the <span class="tooltip" title=' A water system built in Jerusalem during the reign of Hezekiah (in 701 BCE) to bring water from the Gihon Spring, which was outside the city, into the Pool of Siloam, which was inside the city walls. Further Reading '>Siloam Tunnel was cut.
date: -1000-01-01/0135-01-01

Jerusalem: Gold Ring Depicting the Holy Sepulchre
description: This photograph shows a gold ring that depicts the Aedicule of the Anastasis at the <span class="tooltip" title=" Commissioned to be built in Jerusalem by Constantine's mother Helen in 326 CE, ostensibly over the sites of Jesus' crucifixion and burial, it became the center of Byzantine Jerusalem. Further Reading ">Church of the Holy Sepulchre. It was found in a 6th-century building south of the <span class="tooltip" title=' Also known as the Haram esh-Sharif ("Noble Sanctuary" in Arabic), it is the site where the Jewish Temple stood and where the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque now stand. The massive Temple Mount compound that exists today was built by Herod the Great in the late 1st century BCE and early 1st century CE. Further Reading '>Temple Mount and shows the Anastasis as a free-standing structure (which was how it would have been found prior to the 12th century CE). It might represent one of the many souvenirs that Christian pilgrims bought in Jerusalem.
date: 0500-01-01/0600-01-01

Jerusalem: Great Isaiah Scroll
description: The Great <span class="tooltip" title=' Both the name of an Israelite prophet and the name of the book of his prophecies that were included in the Hebrew Bible and consequently in the Christian Old Testament. Further Reading '>Isaiah Scroll is one of the largest and best-preserved scrolls from the <span class="tooltip" title=' A collection of First and Second Temple period texts which were preserved by the arid climate of the Dead Sea region. The caves wherein the scrolls were deposited have often been connected to the nearby settlement of Qumran, and the Scrolls themselves are generally thought to have been written and/or copied by the Essenes. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>Dead Sea Scrolls and was probably produced around 100 BCE. The entire cache of Dead Sea Scrolls, which were initially found by some <span class="tooltip" title=' A term used for a group of predominantly nomadic, desert-dwelling Arab ethnic group that is traditionally divided into tribes or clans. Further Reading '>Bedouin in caves near the <span class="tooltip" title=' The lowest place on earth (1,388 feet below sea level), it is located to the east of the Central Hill, between the modern countries of Israel and Jordan. Further Reading '>Dead Sea in 1947, were probably hidden by people living in the settlement of <span class="tooltip" title=' An archaeological site in the Judaean Desert in which the remains of a Jewish sectarian group were uncovered. Modern scholars tend to identify this group with the Essenes, who lived there between 150 BCE and 68 CE and probably produced the Dead Sea Scrolls. Further Reading '>Qumran during the Jewish War against the Romans around 70 CE. This particular scroll preserves the text of the biblical book of Isaiah and is one long scroll that was constructed of 17 sheets of carefully prepared leather sewn together with linen thread. It measures 23.5 feet in length. The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls was one of the most important discoveries ever, not …
date: -0100-01-01

Jerusalem: Hasmonaean wall
description: This photograph shows the walls of the western side of the Old City of Jerusalem. The prominent portion of this wall was built by the <span class="tooltip" title=' The Turkish empire from the 16th-20th centuries CE. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>Ottomans in the 16th century; however, significant parts of the wall, especially the lower layers, are from the days of the Jewish <span class="tooltip" title=' A Jewish king of Edumaean descent who ruled Palestine under Roman authority from 40-4 BCE. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>King Herod (1st century BCE). Several courses of a substantial stone wall built on bedrock and running beneath the walls of the Herodian and later periods dates to the days of the <span class="tooltip" title=' Also called "Maccabean," the two words refer to the dynasty of independent Jewish rulers in the 2nd-1st centuries BCE (167-63 BCE) who came to power after the Maccabaean Revolt. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>Hasmonaean kings (late 2nd-early 1st centuries BCE). This lower wall, in conjunction with information from other excavations, confirms that the city walls extended to their present western limits at least by the time of the Hasmonaean kings.
date: -0167-01-01/-0064-01-01

Jerusalem: Herod's enlarged Temple Mount
description: This aerial photograph of the modern <span class="tooltip" title=' Also known as the Haram esh-Sharif ("Noble Sanctuary" in Arabic), it is the site where the Jewish Temple stood and where the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque now stand. The massive Temple Mount compound that exists today was built by Herod the Great in the late 1st century BCE and early 1st century CE. Further Reading '>Temple Mount, looking toward the northeast (with the <span class="tooltip" title=' "Kubbat ash-Sakhra" in Arabic, this is the golden-domed shrine that is located on the Temple Mount (or Haram esh-Sharif) in Jerusalem. It was built by the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik in 691 CE. Further Reading '>Dome of the Rock roughly in its center and the gray dome of the <span class="tooltip" title=' The only mosque on the Temple Mount/Haram esh-Sharif. It sits on the southwest corner of the platform and has a gray dome. Further Reading '>Al-Aqsa Mosque at its southern end), one can see just how large and well-built <span class="tooltip" title=' A Jewish king of Edumaean descent who ruled Palestine under Roman authority from 40-4 BCE. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>King Herod's expansion of the Jewish Temple complex was. The resulting complex was 36 acres in size and the southern extents soared impressively above the surrounding landscape. The southeastern corner is 130 feet above bedrock and more than twice that height above the <span class="tooltip" title=' The valley that runs southeast from Jerusalem down to the Dead Sea. Further Reading '>Kidron Valley floor. It is truly one of the great architectural feats of the <span class="tooltip" title=' Refers both to a period (i.e., from Alexander the Great to the Romans, which is 332 - 64 BCE in our region) and the Greek culture that Alexander brought. Further Reading '>Hellenistic or Roman periods. In the center background you can see the water tower and buildings of the Hebrew University campus on <span class="tooltip" title=' A hill jus…
date: -0019-01-01/0070-01-01

Jerusalem: Herod's Temple walls
description: This photograph shows the detail of extra-long blocks that <span class="tooltip" title=' A Jewish king of Edumaean descent who ruled Palestine under Roman authority from 40-4 BCE. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>King Herod's engineers used to bind the existing exterior walls of the <span class="tooltip" title=' Also known as the Haram esh-Sharif ("Noble Sanctuary" in Arabic), it is the site where the Jewish Temple stood and where the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque now stand. The massive Temple Mount compound that exists today was built by Herod the Great in the late 1st century BCE and early 1st century CE. Further Reading '>Temple Mount compound to the southern addition that he was building. Some of these blocks measure 39 feet long and weigh more than 100 tons.
date: -0019-01-01/0070-01-01

Jerusalem: Hezekiah's Pool
description: This pool, just north of Jaffa Gate, on the west side of the Old City of Jerusalem, is one of several large reservoirs constructed to provide water for the expanding population of Jerusalem during the reign of <span class="tooltip" title=' A Jewish king of Edumaean descent who ruled Palestine under Roman authority from 40-4 BCE. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>King Herod the Great (37-4 BCE). It and other reservoirs were fed by aqueducts that brought fresh water to Jerusalem from as far away as 12 miles to the south. Note the black dome of the <span class="tooltip" title=" Commissioned to be built in Jerusalem by Constantine's mother Helen in 326 CE, ostensibly over the sites of Jesus' crucifixion and burial, it became the center of Byzantine Jerusalem. Further Reading ">Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the background and the tower and buildings of the Hebrew University campus on <span class="tooltip" title=' A hill just north of the Mount of Olives, on which the Hebrew University of Jerusalem is located. Further Reading '>Mount Scopus in the far background.
date: 0037-01-01/0070-01-01

Jerusalem: Inscription from the Tomb of Matthias
description: This inscription was discovered in a tomb in a northern suburb of modern Jerusalem. It is written in <span class="tooltip" title=' A Semitic language from the region of modern-day Syria, which became the common language in the Near East from the Persian Period onwards. The Biblical books of Ezra and Daniel have major Aramaic portions. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>Aramaic, a common language of the <span class="tooltip" title=" 519 BCE - 70 CE ">Second Temple period, but the script, called Paleo-Hebrew, is like the one that was used hundreds of years earlier, which is very unusual. The inscription reads, 'I Abba, son of the priest E/leazar, son of Aaron the high [priest], I, / Abba, the oppressed and the persec/uted, who was born in Jerusalem,/ and went into exile in <span class="tooltip" title=' A major Mesopotamian empire which ruled over Palestine in the late 7th to early 6th centuries BCE. Further Reading '>Babylonia and brought [back to Jerusalem] Mattath/iah son of Juda[h], and I buried him in the c/ave, which I acquired by writ.' The remains of an old woman who had been beheaded were buried in the ossuary.
date: -0167-01-01/-0064-01-01

Jerusalem: Iron II Israelite Pottery
description: The pottery shown here is typical of <span class="tooltip" title=' According to the Bible, the descendents of the 12 sons of Jacob/Israel who formed the nation of Israel. Further Reading '>Israelite pottery from the <span class="tooltip" title=" 900-700 BCE ">Iron II period (10th-7th centuries BCE). The folded shapes in the foreground are folded lamps. Oil would be placed in the bowl-like part and a wick would be placed in the narrow portion (note that soot is still visible there).
date: -1000-01-01/-0600-01-01

Jerusalem: Ketef Hinnom Amulet
description: The photographed image (on the right) and line drawing (on the left) are of one of two Ketef Hinnom amulets. It is a small (1.0 x 3.75 inches), thin sheet of silver on which an inscription was lightly inscribed. It is important because they date to ca. 600 BCE and the inscription preserves part of the Priestly Blessing that is known from the Bible (Numbers 6:24-26), which makes the two amulets the oldest evidence for a biblical text. The sheets were found rolled up and had possibly been worn around the neck (after a string was passed through the center of the roll). They were found in a tomb across the <span class="tooltip" title=' One of the valleys that borders Jerusalem on the east and south sides. Further Reading '>Hinnom Valley from the southwestern corner of the Old City of Jerusalem.
date: -0650-01-01/-0550-01-01

Jerusalem: Lithograph of the Ecce Homo Arch
description: This 19th century lithograph shows two of three arches (there would have been another small arch on the right side of the large arch), which is typical of arches built during <span class="tooltip" title=' A Roman Emperor from 117-138 CE. He is responsible for creating a Roman colony Aelia Capitolina near the site of Jerusalem in the wake of the Bar Kokhba revolt. Further Reading '>Hadrian's time. Arches built during <span class="tooltip" title=' A Jewish king of Edumaean descent who ruled Palestine under Roman authority from 40-4 BCE. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>Herod's time were typically double arches. In addition, the northern pier of the arch was found to sit on bedrock, with pavement running up against it (so the pavement must have been laid after the arch was built) and the pavement was found to have also lie directly over a huge cistern that <span class="tooltip" title=' A Jewish historian from whom we know much about life in 1st century CE Palestine. His works include a history of the first Jewish revolt against the Romans, which began in 66 CE, entitled The Jewish War Further Reading '>Josephus said was open at the time of the siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE. So the arch must have been built afterwards. The conclusion? This lithograph depicts the arch that Hadrian built; some scholars believe it led to the east forum of the city.
date: 1800-01-01/1900-01-01

Jerusalem: map of the period between the Jebusites and Hezekiah
description: This map shows the borders of city of Jerusalem from the time of the <span class="tooltip" title=" The Jebusite period was the period prior to the reign of David (i.e., prior to 1000 BCE), in which the Jebusites inhabited the city of Jebus. ">Jebusites, the settlers of the city prior to the 10th century BCE, to the time of the <span class="tooltip" title=' The name of the administrative region around Jerusalem in the late Second Temple and Roman periods. Further Reading '>Judaean king <span class="tooltip" title=' A king of Judah who rebelled against the Assyrian king Sennacherib at the end of the 8th century BCE. Further Reading '>Hezekiah (686 BCE). The current Old City walls (built in the 16th century CE) and the <span class="tooltip" title=' Also known as the Haram esh-Sharif ("Noble Sanctuary" in Arabic), it is the site where the Jewish Temple stood and where the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque now stand. The massive Temple Mount compound that exists today was built by Herod the Great in the late 1st century BCE and early 1st century CE. Further Reading '>Temple Mount complex (built by <span class="tooltip" title=' A Jewish king of Edumaean descent who ruled Palestine under Roman authority from 40-4 BCE. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>Herod the Great between the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE) are in red. The <span class="tooltip" title=' The people who lived in the Land prior to the Israelites (i.e., prior to ca. 1000 BCE). They continued to live in the Seashore Plains for centuries after the rise of David. Further Reading '>Canaanite, Jebusite, and <span class="tooltip" title=' Built by David ca. 970 BCE on the site of the earlier Jebusite city Jebus; it was also called Jerusalem. It physically sits on the slope of hill south of the modern Old City and Temple Mount, near the Gihon Spring. Further Reading '>Davidic city (i.e., the city prior to the time of king Solomon) is outlined in purple; the Solomonic expansion is outlined in green; …
date: -1300-01-01/-0686-01-01

Jerusalem: Metropolitan Samuel
description: The first of the <span class="tooltip" title=' A collection of First and Second Temple period texts which were preserved by the arid climate of the Dead Sea region. The caves wherein the scrolls were deposited have often been connected to the nearby settlement of Qumran, and the Scrolls themselves are generally thought to have been written and/or copied by the Essenes. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>Dead Sea Scrolls were found by <span class="tooltip" title=' A term used for a group of predominantly nomadic, desert-dwelling Arab ethnic group that is traditionally divided into tribes or clans. Further Reading '>Bedouin in 1947 in the <span class="tooltip" title=' The name of the administrative region around Jerusalem in the late Second Temple and Roman periods. Further Reading '>Judaean Desert, who took them to an antiquities dealer in Bethlehem named Kando. Kando took four of the scrolls to St. <span class="tooltip" title=' The Gospel of Mark is most likely the earliest of the four Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) that are contained in the New Testament. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>Mark's Monastery in the Old City of Jerusalem, where he showed them to the spiritual leader of the Jacobite Syrian Christians in Jerusalem, Metropolitan (Archbishop) Mar Athanasius Yeshue Samuel, who is the man in this picture. Metropolitan Samuel purchased the scrolls from Kando for about $97.

Jerusalem: Model of Herod's Western Fortress
description: This scale model of Second Temple Jerusalem resides at the Israel Museum in modern Jerusalem. This particular photograph shows the towers that were part of a defense system of Jerusalem constructed by <span class="tooltip" title=' A Jewish king of Edumaean descent who ruled Palestine under Roman authority from 40-4 BCE. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>Herod the Great at its western border to guard both the entrance to the city and the palace that he built just to the south. This model is based partly on the description of the fortress by the Jewish historian <span class="tooltip" title=' A Jewish historian from whom we know much about life in 1st century CE Palestine. His works include a history of the first Jewish revolt against the Romans, which began in 66 CE, entitled The Jewish War Further Reading '>Josephus and partly on the results of excavations in the later Citadel (known as the Tower of <span class="tooltip" title=' The second king of Israel who founded Jerusalem as a new capital city. David ruled from ca. 1000-970 BCE and was succeeded by his son Solomon. Further Reading '>David), which was built over Herod's fort. Josephus tells us that Herod named the towers after three of his closest associates – his wife Miriam, his brother Phasael, and his close friend Hippicus.
date: -0019-01-01/0070-01-01

Jerusalem: Model of the Antonia Fortress
description: This scale model of Second Temple Jerusalem resides at the Israel Museum in modern Jerusalem. This particular photograph is looking from north to south at the Antonia Fortress, which sat at the north edge of the <span class="tooltip" title=' Also known as the Haram esh-Sharif ("Noble Sanctuary" in Arabic), it is the site where the Jewish Temple stood and where the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque now stand. The massive Temple Mount compound that exists today was built by Herod the Great in the late 1st century BCE and early 1st century CE. Further Reading '>Temple Mount complex (the Temple building of which can be seen behind it). The Antonia Fortress was a military barracks that was built by <span class="tooltip" title=' A Jewish king of Edumaean descent who ruled Palestine under Roman authority from 40-4 BCE. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>King Herod the Great and was used to garrison Roman troops when <span class="tooltip" title=' The name of the administrative region around Jerusalem in the late Second Temple and Roman periods. Further Reading '>Judaea was ruled by a Roman procurator.
date: -0019-01-01/0070-01-01

Jerusalem: Model of the Antonia Fortress
description: This scale model of Second Temple Jerusalem resides at the Israel Museum in modern Jerusalem. This particular photograph is looking from north to south at the Antonia Fortress, which sat at the north edge of the <span class="tooltip" title=' Also known as the Haram esh-Sharif ("Noble Sanctuary" in Arabic), it is the site where the Jewish Temple stood and where the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque now stand. The massive Temple Mount compound that exists today was built by Herod the Great in the late 1st century BCE and early 1st century CE. Further Reading '>Temple Mount complex (the Temple building of which can be seen behind it). The Antonia Fortress was a military barracks that was built by <span class="tooltip" title=' A Jewish king of Edumaean descent who ruled Palestine under Roman authority from 40-4 BCE. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>King Herod and was used to garrison Roman troops when <span class="tooltip" title=' The name of the administrative region around Jerusalem in the late Second Temple and Roman periods. Further Reading '>Judaea was ruled by a Roman procurator.
date: -0019-01-01/0070-01-01

Jerusalem: Model of the Second Temple
description: This scale model of Second Temple Jerusalem resides at the Israel Museum in modern Jerusalem. This particular photograph is looking west and shows a reconstruction of the Second Temple itself (after <span class="tooltip" title=' A Jewish king of Edumaean descent who ruled Palestine under Roman authority from 40-4 BCE. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>King Herod the Great's renovations). The <span class="tooltip" title=' The holiest place in a temple. In the Jerusalem Temple the phrase refers to the room where it was believed that God’s intangible presence dwelt. Further Reading '>Holy of Holies would have been at the far west of the main Temple building, behind the large doorway. The open-air altar stood in the inner court, between the large entrance door and the steps that are visible at the lower center of the photo. The walls in the immediate foreground (at the bottom of the photo) would have separated the Court of the Gentiles (where anybody was allowed) from the Court of the Women (where only Jews were allowed, and women could not go beyond).
date: -0019-01-01/0070-01-01

Jerusalem: Model of the Second Temple
description: This scale model of Second Temple Jerusalem resides at the Israel Museum in modern Jerusalem. This particular photograph is looking west and shows a reconstruction of the Second Temple itself (after <span class="tooltip" title=' A Jewish king of Edumaean descent who ruled Palestine under Roman authority from 40-4 BCE. Further Reading | Even Further Reading '>King Herod's renovations). The <span class="tooltip" title=' The holiest place in a temple. In the Jerusalem Temple the phrase refers to the room where it was believed that God’s intangible presence dwelt. Further Reading '>Holy of Holies would have been at the far west of the main Temple building, behind the large doorway. The open-air altar stood in the inner court, between the large gate (known as the Gate of Nikanor) and the steps that are visible at the lower center of the photo. The walls in the immediate foreground (at the bottom of the photo) would have separated the Court of the Gentiles (where anybody was allowed) from the Court of the Women (where only Jews were allowed).
date: -0019-01-01/0070-01-01

Jerusalem: Mount of Olives
description: This view, looking east toward the <span class="tooltip" title=' A hill immediately east of the Old City of Jerusalem and the Temple Mount. The Jehoshaphat Valley runs between the Mount of Olives and Jerusalem. Further Reading '>Mt. of Olives, shows the modern Seven Arches Hotel on its summit and the Jewish cemetery that has been built on its western slope. At the base of the Mt. of Olives is the steep <span class="tooltip" title=' The valley that runs southeast from Jerusalem down to the Dead Sea. Further Reading '>Kidron Valley, which cuts dramatically between the <span class="tooltip" title=' Also known as the Haram esh-Sharif ("Noble Sanctuary" in Arabic), it is the site where the Jewish Temple stood and where the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque now stand. The massive Temple Mount compound that exists today was built by Herod the Great in the late 1st century BCE and early 1st century CE. Further Reading '>Temple Mount (and the Old City to the west) and the Mt. of Olives (to the east).