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          <name>Lecture</name>
          <description>Name of the course lecture the image belongs to.</description>
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          <description>Description of the image's location.</description>
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                <text>The Sinai Desert is bounded by the Gulf of Suez and the Gulf of Aqaba. The region names on this map (Moab, Edom, Midian, Goshen, and Egypt), as well as the names and locations of the cities, are those of the Biblical period (Bronze and Iron Ages). The map shows the main transportation routes (in black lines)  of the ancient Near East, especially the Via Maris, starting in Egypt and going north along the Mediterranean coast, and the so-called 'Kings Highway' that begins at the northern tip of the Gulf of Aqaba and runs north along the Syrian-African Rift. The red lines plot conjectured routes from the stories of the Israelite Exodus from Egypt.</text>
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                <text>The Sinai Peninsula is nowadays part of the modern State of Egypt. The Gulf of Suez, on the left, divides it from the rest of Egypt. The Gulf of Aqaba, on the right, separates it from Saudi Arabia. The southernmost tip of Israel is at the northernmost tip of the Gulf of Aqaba, there sits the modern city of Eilat. These two gulfs are fingers of the Red Sea, to the south, which is, in turn, an extension of the Indian Ocean. The Mediterranean Sea is visible in the background and so is the Dead Sea at the top right corner.</text>
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                <text>The earliest writing was not on paper, but on clay tablets. Instead of a pen, scribes used an instrument called a stylus that was triangular in cross-section. They would press the tip of the stylus into the clay to make the triangular portions of the symbol and drag the edge of the stylus across the clay to make the lines. The size and shape of clay tablets varied with the type of text being recorded and with changing scribal preferences. When a scribe finished with one side of the tablet he would turn the bottom edge up and write on the back. After he was done writing, the tablet would usually be set in the sun to dry (though tablets were sometimes fired in a kiln).</text>
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                <text>The different colors of the map show different areas of sovereignty in modern Israel and Palestine. The light tan color is the modern State of Israel within the borders recognized by the international community in 1948-9. Israel shares a border with Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Egypt. The areas in light green are the territories conquered by Israel in 1967 – the Gaza strip (from Egypt, along with the Sinai, which has since been returned to Egypt), the West Bank (from Jordan), and the Golan Heights (from Syria).</text>
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                <text>This photograph shows a page from the Codex Sinaiticus, which was created in the 4th century CE. The extant pages (400 of an estimated 730) contain the oldest complete manuscript of the New Testament. It was found at St. Katherine's Monastery in the Sinai Desert and procured under controversial circumstances by Konstantin von Tischendorf in the 19th century.</text>
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                <text>The Suez Canal is a narrow waterway connecting the Red Sea (the large body of water in the image) to the Mediterranean Sea, barely visible at the top. The Suez Canal is on the top left side of the Sinai Peninsula. The Canal was originally designed in 1854 by the French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps. It was strongly opposed by the British for the possible negative effects it would have on British global trade. The British, however, eventually bought a 44% share in the canal in 1875 from Egypt. The Suez Canal was a major point of contention in the 1956 conflict, known as the “Suez Crisis” (or “Sinai War”), when the Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Canal and seized its waterways, leading to a series of military conflicts, culminating in the 1967 Six-Day war. </text>
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                <text>Writing was invented in southern Mesopotamia, in the ancient kingdom of Sumer, sometime before 3,000 BCE. Cuneiform, the type of writing seen in column 6 of this slide, was a development from earlier 'logographic' writing, in which signs stood for words (e.g., the sign for fish is a drawing of a fish, which was called 'kha' in the Sumerian language). Later cuneiform symbols (those in columns 5 and 6) were both logographic and syllabic - that is, they could be used to mean the thing that they represent or the sound of that word. So, for instance, the cuneiform symbol for 'fish' could mean either 'fish' or be combined with the 'la' sign to form the word 'kha.la,' which means 'share' or 'part.'</text>
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          <name>Google Earth Title</name>
          <description>Title suitable for display on Google Maps/Earth.</description>
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                <text>The story of Sinuhe has been preserved on numerous papyri and ostraca. This manuscript is written in an Egyptian script called hieratic, which is closely related to Egyptian hieroglyphs, and dates to the Egyptian 12th Dynasty (ca. 1991-1785 BCE). It tells the story of an Egyptian official who lived in voluntary exile in southern Syria/northern Canaan. The details of the story are valuable for the light that they shed on life in southern Syria during the early Middle Bronze I (2000-1800 BCE). The descriptions mention tents and encampments but not towns and cities, suggesting that nomadism persisted.</text>
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                <text>This photograph of one of the many the Early Bronze Age towers at Arad reveals defenses typical of the period. The towers, 10-12 feet in diameter and found at 65-80 foot intervals, projected out from the wall, thus exposing any attacker attempting to scale the wall to the projectiles of the defenders.</text>
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          <description>Description of the image's location.</description>
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              <text>Tel Be'er Sheva</text>
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                <text>This aerial view of Tel Be'er Sheva shows the 8th century BCE outline of the Israelite city and gives an idea of the aridity of the Negev desert. The city was built in the 10th-9th century BCE by first constructing a platform surrounded by a moat. The city was then built on top of this rampart and a wall was built around the city. It was destroyed in the 8th century BCE, probably as a result of the campaign of the Assyrian king Sennacherib in 701 BCE. Note that, rather than the Hippodamian plan of Graeco-Roman cities (i.e., perpendicular streets), this Israelite city had a circular street plan.</text>
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              <text>Lecture 1</text>
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              <text>Photo looking north</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>This view of Tel Beit Shemesh (the archaeological ruins in the foreground), an Israelite town during the Iron Age, gives a feel of the transition from the Coastal plain to the Central Hill. The peaks of the Central Hill, running from north to south (left to right), are seen rising in background. This region between the hills and the seashore plains (which are not seen the photograph) is called the Shephelah.</text>
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                <text>-1200-01-01/-0700-01-01</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <name>Subject</name>
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      <description>A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.</description>
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          <name>Lecture</name>
          <description>Name of the course lecture the image belongs to.</description>
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          <name>Location Description</name>
          <description>Description of the image's location.</description>
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              <text>Tel Dan</text>
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          <description>Modern country where the image is located.</description>
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              <text>Dan</text>
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          <name>Chronology Historical</name>
          <description>Historical period.</description>
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              <text>pre-Israelite</text>
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              <text>{Middle Bronze Age I}</text>
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          <description>Title suitable for display on Google Maps/Earth.</description>
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              <text>Middle Bronze Age gate</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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          <name>Micro Slide</name>
          <description>Show on closest map zoom elevation.</description>
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              <text>Yes</text>
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                <text>Tel Dan: Middle Bronze Age gate</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>0034_BibArch069.jpg</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This photo shows the fully preserved arched gateway at Tel Dan, which was made of mud bricks and is the first such structure found intact in Israel. In the Early Bronze Age, sun-dried mud bricks began to replace the stones that had been used for city walls and towers, perhaps because they could be erected more quickly and raised higher than boulder walls.</text>
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                <text>-1800-01-01/-1700-01-01</text>
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          <name>Lecture</name>
          <description>Name of the course lecture the image belongs to.</description>
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              <text>The United Davidic Kingdom</text>
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              <text>Tel Dor</text>
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          <name>Location Modern Country</name>
          <description>Modern country where the image is located.</description>
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              <text>Israel/Palestine</text>
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          <name>Location City</name>
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              <text>Canaanite, Israelite, Persian period, Second Temple Period</text>
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              <text>Aerial view</text>
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          <name>Micro Slide</name>
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                <text>Tel Dor: aerial view</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>0067_GalileeArch34.jpg</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The excavations at Tel Dor, on the coast of Israel between Tel Aviv and Haifa, are barely visibly on the rocky promontory in the low center of this photograph. Dor was one of the Phoenician harbors in antiquity, first settled in the 15th century BCE and inhabited well into the Roman period. It was especially prominent as a port city of maritime trade in the Persian and Hellenistic periods.</text>
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                  <text>The Persian Period and the Judaean-Samaritan Conflict</text>
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          <name>Location Modern Country</name>
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          <name>Google Earth Title</name>
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                <text>This bone pendant is a typical depiction of the god Bes, an Egyptian god who protected pregnant women. It would have been the central ornament on a necklace.</text>
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                <text>These three figurines of pregnant women wearing Egyptian wigs and holding one hand on their stomachs are typical of figurines found at other Phoenician sites in Lebanon, Cyprus, and Israel in the Persian period. Scholars usually assume that they were votive offerings to a goddess. Some similar figurines from a 4th century BCE shipwreck at Shave Zion, on the northern coast of Israel, bore the symbol of the Phoenician goddess Tanit.</text>
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                <text>This finely worked sculpture of a bearded man wearing a sort of a head cover is typical of the high-quality Hellenistic finds from the port city of Dor.</text>
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                <text>Hazor, an ancient city and tel that sits at the southern end of the Huleh Valley in eastern upper Galilee, was one of the largest and most important cities in the region from ca 1,900 BCE until 732 BCE when it was destroyed by the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III. Intensive archaeological excavation on the tel and at its base revealed a great deal about the early history of the region.</text>
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          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Canaan and the Twelve Tribes</text>
                </elementText>
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              <name>Subject</name>
              <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Canaan and the Twelve Tribes</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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      <name>Still Image</name>
      <description>A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.</description>
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        <element elementId="66">
          <name>Lecture</name>
          <description>Name of the course lecture the image belongs to.</description>
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              <text>Canaan and the Twelve Tribes</text>
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          <name>Location Description</name>
          <description>Description of the image's location.</description>
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              <text>Hazor</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
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          <name>Location Modern Country</name>
          <description>Modern country where the image is located.</description>
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            <elementText elementTextId="574">
              <text>Israel/Palestine</text>
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          <name>Location City</name>
          <description>City where the image is located.</description>
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              <text>Hazor</text>
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          <name>Location In City</name>
          <description>Location in the city where the image is located.</description>
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              <text>Tel Hazor</text>
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          <name>Chronology Historical</name>
          <description>Historical period.</description>
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              <text>Israelite</text>
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        <element elementId="58">
          <name>Chronology Archaeological</name>
          <description>Archaeological period.</description>
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              <text>{Iron Age II}</text>
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        <element elementId="62">
          <name>Google Earth Title</name>
          <description>Title suitable for display on Google Maps/Earth.</description>
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              <text>Pillared Storehouse</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Tel Hazor: the Pillared Storehouse</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>0059_BibArch55.jpg</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>This large rectangular building with its double row of pillars was a royal storehouse from the 9th century BCE. Other storehouses like it have been discovered at Megiddo and at Tel Be'er Sheva.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="580">
                <text>-0900-01-01/-0800-01-01</text>
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    <tagContainer>
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        <name>Hazor</name>
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      <tag tagId="26">
        <name>Iron Age</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="122">
        <name>Storehouse</name>
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    </tagContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
