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                <text>Currency was issued by Jews during the Bar Kokhba Revolt, the Second Jewish War with Rome (132–135 CE). In the ancient world, minting your own money was a statement of political autonomy. It symbolized open rebellion if one group was subordinate to another. Many of the Bar Kokhba coins were also “overstruck,” which means that original Roman coins were effaced, and re-struck with Jewish symbols. This was another act of rebellion. Roman deities and kings were filed off and replaced with the Temple or the Ark of the Covenant. In the coin pictured here, two trumpets are surrounded by the inscription “For the Freedom of Jerusalem.” A harp appears on the opposite side, and reads “Year Two of the Freedom of Israel.” The coin was probably struck in 134 CE, two years after the beginning of the revolt.</text>
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                <text>This image shows an ancient manuscript with Hebrew writing from the 2nd century CE. This document, along with others,  were found in the “Cave of Letters,” located in Nahal Hever, a canyon near the Dead Sea. In total, about 14 letters were sent from Simeon Bar Kokhba, a messianic leader of the Jewish rebels against Rome, to his commanders stationed north at Ein Gedi. They demanded the confiscation of grain from nearby farmers and threatened to punish anyone who did not obey. Another 35 documents belong to the “archive of Babatha,” a prominent Jewish woman who owned land and slaves. This all took place during the Second Jewish War with Rome—known as the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–135 CE)—when Jewish fighters hid these documents in caves. They hoped to retrieve them later. The letters comprise military correspondences, real estate contracts, legal records, and religious texts. They remained buried for almost 2000 years until they were discovered in the 1950s.</text>
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                <text>Pictured here, looking west towards the Mediterranean, are the modern neighborhoods of Gaza city [population of over 515,000], the largest city in the Palestinian Territories. Gaza is historically significant as a nexus of ancient Mediterranean culture and a major hub of seafaring trade throughout the 1st millennia BCE. The city is located along the Gaza Strip, a small parcel of Palestinian territory about 25 miles long and ranging from 3 to 7 miles wide (at various points). </text>
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                <text>Modern Be’er Sheva is in southern Israel, where the climate is arid. It is the largest city in the Negev, and home to many global Jewish cultural traditions, represented especially by Sephardic (Spanish), Mizrahi (Egyptian, Iraqi), as well as Jews of Indian decent. Today, Be’er Sheva is a flourishing city with a top university and prosperous soccer team. The archaeological evidence for Be’er Sheva dates back to the Iron Age, where it appears to have been the first planned town in the Negev. It was also one of the earliest sites to develop an elaborate man-made water system.</text>
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                <text>Rahat (Arabic for “desert dwellers”) is a well-known Bedouin city, home to people of mostly semi-nomadic Arab descent. The city is north of Be’er Sheva, in the northern Negev, between the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. It holds about 60,000 people the majority of whom are Muslim, as evident in this image from the minarets (“beacons”) of the mosques that are visible along the skyline. In modern Israel, the Bedouins are a recognized minority with equal rights of Israeli Jewish citizens—they vote in Israeli elections and enroll in the Israeli army. Still, many problems remain as to their integration into Israeli society.</text>
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                <text>The different colors of the map show different areas of sovereignty in modern Israel and Palestine. The light tan color is the modern State of Israel within the borders recognized by the international community in 1948-9. Israel shares a border with Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Egypt. The areas in light green are the territories conquered by Israel in 1967 – the Gaza strip (from Egypt, along with the Sinai, which has since been returned to Egypt), the West Bank (from Jordan), and the Golan Heights (from Syria).</text>
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                <text>This map shows the demographics of modern Jerusalem by color. The total population is over 800,000 with about 65% Jewish (blue) and 32% Arab (yellow). Pictured also are two important lines: (1) the red-dotted line marks the municipal boundary of the 1949 Rhodes Armistice Agreement, demarcating the Israeli controlled area from 1949-1967; (2) the solid black line encompasses an enlarged municipal boundary, showing the area under Israeli control since the 1967 Six-Day War, in which Israel captured the West Bank, Gaza, and the Golan. Importantly, the Old City and the Temple Mount are in the Israeli occupied territory east of the 1949 red-dotted line. Jerusalem is at the center of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, as both groups consider it their capital.</text>
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                <text>This is the skull of homo erectus (“upright man”), the predecessor to the homo sapien. The skull is now held at the University of Michigan, Museum of Natural Sciences. Evidence for homo erectus has been found in Israel at various sites, in particular at Tel Ubeidiya, south of the Sea of Galilee. </text>
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                <text>This image shows a reconstruction of homo erectus (“upright man”). Behind homo erectus is a map of migration routes— beginning in Africa, near the origins of the Nile in Kenya and Uganda, and extending north, along the Syrian-African Rift, through Israel (Ubeidiya) and into Europe. The rift caused the collection of fresh water, thus supporting human habitation. The settlement at Ubeidiya, just south of the Sea of Galilee, is one of our earliest windows into the nascent stages of human development.</text>
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                <text>Shown here is a potter working from a shop in the southern part of the Central Hill, spinning a wheel to shape clay into a pot. Behind him, one can see finished examples before they are fired in a kiln to remove moisture, hardening the clay into durable ceramic vessels. Today, hand-crafted pottery is made essentially the same way as it was thousands of years ago. The development of ceramic vessels around 6000 BCE revolutionized the transportation of food and water, increased economic prosperity, and led to population growth. Because pottery was everywhere in the ancient world, and portrays various styles over time, scholars can use pottery found during archaeological digs to provide relative dates for layers or “strata” of habitation.</text>
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                <text>Albright (1891-1971) was an American archaeologist and biblical scholar. He became the foremost proponent of “biblical archaeology,” a movement that attempted to authenticate events, people, and ideas found in the Bible through scientific, archaeological excavations. Albright used the stratigraphic method of excavating a “tel” (hill) by digging down and studying how each layer or cross section relates to the layers above and below. This includes examining the distinct material from each layer, such as pottery, debris, coins, sediment, or building ruins that have piled up over time. Albright directed important excavations at Hazor and Megiddo.</text>
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          <description>Modern country where the image is located.</description>
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                <text>Tell Beit Mirsim is a site in southern Israel, about 13 miles southwest of Hebron. Albright excavated this site on multiple occasions in the 1920s and 30s. He is shown at the top of the picture with a white hat. Local Arabs worked with Albright on these early digs. </text>
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                <text>This is an aerial image of the remains of Tel Hazor (Tell el-Qedah), an ancient city north of the Sea of Galilee, in the Hula Valley of northern Israel. At the top left of this picture, the square-like stone structures are the remains of a distinctive six-chambered gate (only half of which is shown in the picture). Such gates have three chambers on each side. The smaller square at the top of this image is the foundation of a tower. The wall extending to the right is known as a “casemate” wall. This was a hollow wall that could be filled with weapons or supplies for the city. Hazor was one of the most important pre-Israelite fortified cities of the Bronze Age. The site was later inhabited by the Israelites during the reign of King Solomon.</text>
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                <text>This image shows Tel Hazor looking west. The six-chambered gate is near the center of the image. There appear to be eight chambers, but the front square sections are remains of two tower foundations, guarding the entrance. Notice where the “casemate” city walls extend to the right and left. The towers protrude past the city wall in order to flank anyone who would attack the wall directly. The roofed area in the image, to the top left, is a modern building that covers the ancient Canaanite palace/temple. Hazor was an international hub of trade in the Bronze Age, and later, during the Iron Age, turned into a fortified Israelite city. Many debates remain among historians and archaeologists about the role of Hazor in ancient Israelite history and religion. </text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>From Tribes to Monarchies - Philistines and Others</text>
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      <description>A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.</description>
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          <description>Modern country where the image is located.</description>
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              <text>Luxor</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Mortuary Temple of Ramesses III (Medinet Habu, Luxor, Egypt)</text>
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                <text>This image shows the burial-temple complex of Ramesses III (1186–1155 BCE), one of the last powerful Egyptian kings.&#13;
The walls display an impressive array of inscriptions, hieroglyphics, and decorated reliefs. Some tell the story of the rise of the “Sea People” known as the “Peleshet.” These are the biblical Philistines, from which the modern term “Palestine” is derived. Ramesses inscriptions boast of victory over the Peleshet, but this probably includes more exaggeration than fact. Such boasting, at any rate, attests to the growing presence of sea-faring people into the eastern Mediterranean who sought to escape the economic crisis of the late Bronze Age. These “Sea People” ventured east and filled a power vacuum left by diminution of the Egyptians and Hittites.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>From Tribes to Monarchies - Philistines and Others</text>
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      <description>A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.</description>
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          <description>Modern country where the image is located.</description>
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              <text>Israel</text>
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              <text>Northern Coast</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Kurkar Ridge along Seashore Coastal Plain</text>
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                <text>The coast of northern Israel, between Tel Aviv and Haifa, is characterized by “kurkar” ridges. The term “kurkar” refers to sea-sand that has hardened into rock. This results from a mineral reaction between the sea water and shore sediments producing a carbonate cement. This naturally occurring phenomenon has preserved this part of the coast from development because the cement-like ridges posed an obstacle to the construction of sea ports.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>The Persian Period and the Judaean-Samaritan Conflict</text>
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                  <text>The Persian Period and the Judaean-Samaritan Conflict</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>The Persian Period and the Judaean-Samaritan Conflict</text>
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      <name>Still Image</name>
      <description>A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.</description>
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          <name>Location Modern Country</name>
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              <text>Lebanon</text>
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              <text>Coastal Region </text>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Phoenicia (Seashore plain cities)</text>
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                <text>This map shows the eastern coastal cities of ancient Phoenicia (modern Lebanon) and its natural resources. These ancient cities were loosely connected and politically independent, but they shared a common Canaanite culture. During the Iron Age (1200–600 BCE), the Phoenicians amassed great wealth from seafaring trade, including cedar, glass, wine, cloth, and a famous purple dye from the Murex sea snail, native to the coastal waters. With a booming economy, they began to establish colonies across the Mediterranean, most important of which was Carthage in North Africa. Over time, Phoenician society dissolved with successive waves of invasions by the Babylonians, Persians, and then Greeks. This led to a shift in the center of Phoenician culture towards Carthage, until Rome vanquished the Carthaginians in the Second Punic War (146 BCE). Both the origin and demise of the Phoenicians is debated, but they seem to have assimilated with Greeks and Romans.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>The Early Roman Period - Herod the Great to the Great Revolt</text>
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                  <text>The Early Roman Period - Herod the Great to the Great Revolt</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>The Early Roman Period - Herod the Great to the Great Revolt</text>
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      <name>Still Image</name>
      <description>A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.</description>
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          <name>Location Modern Country</name>
          <description>Modern country where the image is located.</description>
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              <text>Israel</text>
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          <description>City where the image is located.</description>
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              <text>Caesarea</text>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Caesarea Maritima </text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This is a south-north aerial view of the ancient port-city Caesarea Maritima, one of King Herod’s most extravagant building projects (22-10 BCE). It was built in honor of Caesar Augustus, and became the capital of Roman Judaea around 6 CE. The eastern Mediterranean lacks a natural harbor, so Herod imported massive stones and built a wave breaker (part of which can be seen protruding from the beach in the upper third of the picture) which supported an artificial enclosed port. This port dramatically increased the revenue flowing into Herod’s kingdom and rivaled the famous ports of Alexandria and Athens. Herod also made Caesarea the epicenter of Greco-Roman culture in Israel. At the bottom of the image, one can see the remains of the ancient theater (circular structure). Just to the left, jutting out into the ocean, was Herod’s palace. A race track follows the coast north, and leads up to the location where a temple to Augustus once stood. This overlooked the main harbor. At the top of the image, one can see the end of the aqueduct that brought fresh water from a spring near the base of Mount Carmel, which was 7 miles away, a remarkable feat of engineering.</text>
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          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Jesus and the Birth of Christianity</text>
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                  <text>Jesus and the Birth of Christianity</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Jesus and the Birth of Christianity</text>
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      <name>Still Image</name>
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          <name>Location Modern Country</name>
          <description>Modern country where the image is located.</description>
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              <text>near Bethlehem</text>
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          <description>City where the image is located.</description>
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              <text>Central Hill</text>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Pastoral scenery in the hills of Judaea, between Bethlehem and Jerusalem</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Shepherds and flocks of sheep, as pictured here, are frequent themes in the Hebrew Bible – David, who’s native town was Bethlehem was a Shepherd. Goats, sheep, and shepherds also comprise the socio-economic context in some Gospel stories. </text>
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          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Late Roman I</text>
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              <name>Subject</name>
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                  <text>Late Roman I</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Late Roman I</text>
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      <name>Still Image</name>
      <description>A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.</description>
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          <name>Location Modern Country</name>
          <description>Modern country where the image is located.</description>
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              <text>Italy</text>
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          <description>City where the image is located.</description>
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              <text>Rome</text>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This image shows the famous Colosseum of Rome. It was built by Vespasian and Titus (70–80 CE) and reflects their efforts to elevate the imperial profile of the Flavian Dynasty. At the center of the Colosseum, a retractable floor once covered an intricate labyrinth of corridors and rooms. These stored lions, bears, gladiators, and weapons. To build the Colosseum was extremely expensive. It was funded by the slave auction of the Jewish captives from the Great Revolt against Rome in Judaea (66–70 CE).</text>
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  <item itemId="348" public="1" featured="0">
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          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Islamic Period</text>
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              <name>Subject</name>
              <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Islamic Period</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Islamic Period</text>
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    <itemType itemTypeId="6">
      <name>Still Image</name>
      <description>A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.</description>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="53">
          <name>Location Modern Country</name>
          <description>Modern country where the image is located.</description>
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              <text>Israel</text>
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          <name>Location City</name>
          <description>City where the image is located.</description>
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                <text>The Suez Canal is a narrow waterway connecting the Red Sea (the large body of water in the image) to the Mediterranean Sea, barely visible at the top. The Suez Canal is on the top left side of the Sinai Peninsula. The Canal was originally designed in 1854 by the French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps. It was strongly opposed by the British for the possible negative effects it would have on British global trade. The British, however, eventually bought a 44% share in the canal in 1875 from Egypt. The Suez Canal was a major point of contention in the 1956 conflict, known as the “Suez Crisis” (or “Sinai War”), when the Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Canal and seized its waterways, leading to a series of military conflicts, culminating in the 1967 Six-Day war. </text>
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                <text>Izz ad din Al-Qassam was a controversial Muslim religious activist in the 1920–30s. He opposed foreign influence on Arab lands and led resistance movements in multiple countries against the French, Italians, British, and Zionists. After immigrating to Palestine, he became popular among lower classes and disenfranchised Arab tenant farmers, some of whom moved to Haifa after their farms were sold to Jews. His radical political views brought him into conflict with other secular Arab leaders. Al-Qassam organized hundreds of men into small cell groups to carry out violent acts. His dramatic martyr-style death inspired masses of Arabs towards violent resistance, which erupted in the 1936–39 Arab Revolt. Modern groups such as Hamas, derive their ideology from the vision of Al-Qassam.</text>
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                <text>This map was published by the Palestine Arab Refugee office and represents developments from 1945–1949. The areas in red show Jewish land owned in March of 1945. The black lines show the proposed 1947 UN Partition Plan (“J” for Jewish State, and “A” for Arab State). The city of Jerusalem would become an international zone ("IZ"). The red-dotted line shows the Rhodes Armistice boundary after the Arab-Israeli Civil War in 1949.</text>
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                <text>This map shows the compromise plan drawn by a series of United Nations committees to divide the land between its Jewish and Arab residents. Jerusalem (in white, in the middle of the map) was meant to become an international zone under UN administration. The plan was accepted by Jewish leaders, and voted as the borders of the new State of Israel in 1948, but it was rejected by Arab leaders. This disparity led to the declaration of war in 1948. </text>
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                <text>The 1948 Arab-Israeli War lasted until a ceasefire agreement was signed in 1949 on the island of Rhodes. The Arabs lost about 20% of the land that they were originally allotted in the UN Partition Plan, and even the land that they received here was annexed to Jordan in the east and Egypt in the south. These lines held until the 1967 “Six-Day War.”</text>
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